The Chakmas ,
otherwise called the Changma, Daingnet individuals , are an
ethnic gathering scattered in
Arunachal Pradesh , Tripura ,
Assam , Mizoram, Meghalaya and
West Bengal of India and in
Chittagong Slope Tracts of
Bangladesh . Today, the geographic conveyance of Chakmas is spread crosswise over Bangladesh and parts of
northeastern India, western
Burma , and diaspora groups in Yunnan Area, the Assembled States , Canada , the Unified Kingdom , France , South Korea ,
Japan and Australia .
Inside the Chittagong Slope Tracts , the Chakmas are the biggest ethnic gathering and make up half of the area's populace. The Chakmas are isolated into 46 families or Gozas. They have their own particular dialect , traditions and culture, and purport Theravada Buddhism. The people group is going by the Chakma Raja .
Historical background
The name Chakma gets from
Sanskrit word Sakthiman or spectator of energy. [6] This name was given to Chakmas by one of the Burmese lords amid the
Bagan time. Burmese lords procured Chakmas as clergymen, guides and interpreters of Buddhist Pali writings. As workers of the lord, the Chakmas used power in Burmese court unbalanced to their number. The Burmese individuals still allude Chakmas as Sak or Thit which are abbreviated and defiled types of Sakthiman . At one phase, the acknowledged name of the clan was Sakma. Later it was additionally tainted to Chakma .[7]
Ethnic birthplaces
Chakmas are Tibeto-Burman , and are along these lines firmly identified with clans in the lower regions of the Himalayas . The Chakmas are accepted to be initially from more prominent Arakan Yoma North directly Jaw state who later on moved to
Bangladesh in around fifteenth century, settling in the Cox's Bazar Locale , the Korpos Mohol territory, and in the Indian conditions of
Arunachal Pradesh , Tripura and
Mizoram.
Hereditary qualities
The Chakma have solid hereditary affinities to Tibeto-Burman bunches in Upper east India and to East Asian populaces. They likewise have high frequencies of territory Indian hereditary family line. [8]
History
The Arakanese alluded to the Chakmas as Saks or Theks or Thaikhs .
In 1546 CE, when the ruler of Arakan, Meng Beng, was occupied with a fight with the Burmese , the
Sak lord showed up from the north and assaulted Northern Arakan Roma, and involved the
Chacomas of Northern Arakan Mountains, the then domain of the kingdom of Arakan. [9]
Diego de Astor , a Portuguese , drew a guide of Bengal , which was distributed as Descripção do Reino de Bengalla in the book Quarta decada da Asia (Fourth decade of Asia) by João de Barros in 1615 CE. [10] The guide demonstrates a place called "Chacomas" on the eastern bank of the Karnaphuli waterway, cutting edge Chittagong in Bangladesh, proposing this is the place the Chakmas used to inhabit that time.
The Arakan lord Meng Rajagri (1593– 1612 CE) vanquished these territories, and in a 1607 CE letter to a
Portuguese trader named Philip de Brito Nicote, tended to himself as the most elevated and most intense lord of Arakan, of Chacomas and of Bengal. [11]
Crushed by the Arakanese, the Chakmas entered the present Chittagong Slope Tracts and made Alekyangdong, exhibit day
Alikadam , their capital. From Alekyangdong they went north and settled in the present-day
Rangunia , Raozan, and Fatikchari upazilas of Chittagong Area .
In 1666 CE, Shaista Khan , who was then Mughal Legislative leader of Bengal, crushed the Arakanese, vanquished Chittagong northern bank of Kaladan waterway, and renamed it Islamabad. [12] Be that as it may, in the good 'ol days the Mughal amazingness was bound just to the plain zones of
Chittagong , and the Chakmas remained for all intents and purposes unaffected.
Following a couple of years, when a question created between the Mughals and the Chakmas, the Mughals requested tribute from the Chakmas for exchanging with Chittagong. [13]
In 1713 CE, peace was set up, and soon a steady relationship created between the Chakmas and the Mughals; the last never requested finish enslavement from the previous.
The Mughals additionally compensated the Chakma ruler Shukdev Roy, who set up another capital in his own particular name, in a territory is as yet known as Shukbilash.
There are still demolishes of the regal castle and different foundations.
Along these lines, the capital was moved to Rajanagar, Ranirhat, Rangunia Upazila, Chittagong Area.
The East India Organization period
Mughals marked a bargain with Jallal Khan, Raja of the Chakma in 1715. The Mughals got yam and cottons from the
Chittagong Slope Tracts ("CHT"), yet its autonomy from the Mughals was perceived The East India organization and Chakma troops fought in 1777 and 1780. The English additionally got installment and perceived the kingdom of the territory as autonomous. [14]
The CHT was ensured and deliminated their own innate safeguard region by the bargains between the Ruler of the Chakma and the English. A war softened out up 1777-1789 between the East India organization and Chakmas. In return for abandoning them as tributaries, and giving them self-governance, the English at that point got a promise from Jan Baksh Khan, ruler of the Chakmas in 1787.[15]
Three years after the Skirmish of Plassey , Mir Qasim the new
Nawab of Murshidabad remunerated the English East India Organization with Chittagong, Burdwan and
Midnapur. On 5 January 1761 the organization agent Harry Verelst assumed control charges of Chittagong from Subedar Mohammad Reza Khan. Be that as it may, the Chakma lord Sher Doulat Khan who was for all intents and purposes free however ostensibly paid tribute to the Mughals, didn't acknowledge the
authority of the Organization and their request of assessments at improved rate. An extended war began and it proceeded up hey to 1787. The East India Organization propelled four offensives against the Chakmas in 1770, 1780, 1782 and 1785. In 1785 the Organization began peace arrangements with the then Chakma ruler Jan Baksh Khan, child of Sher Doulat Khan. Later in 1787 the ruler acknowledged the sway of the Organization and consented to pay 500 maunds of cotton every year. The peace understanding or arrangement was marked at
Kolkata .[16]
The fundamental arrangements of the bargain between the Senator General
Ruler Cornwallis and the Chakma lord were as following
The East India Organization perceived Jan Baksh Khan as the Raja of the Chakmas.
It was concurred that the accumulation of income was the obligation of the Raja .
The English Government would safeguard the inborn self-governance and movement from the fields would be limited.
Jan Baksh Khan was bound by the bargain to keep up peace in his domain.
English troops would stay in the Chakma region not to unnerve the Chakmas but rather to shield the land from the advances of the savage clans. [17]
In 1829, Halhed then Magistrate of Chittagong reaffirmed that:
Jan Baksh Khan moved his Money to another place naming it Rajanagar, close present-day
Rangunia . After Jan Baksh's demise in 1800, his child Tabbar Khan moved toward becoming king;but he kicked the bucket in a matter of seconds. In 1802 Tabbar Khan's more youthful sibling Jabbar Khan progressed toward becoming lord, and controlled for a long time. After his demise, his child Dharam Baksh Khan moved toward becoming ruler in 1812. He administered up to 1832. After his passing in 1832 with no male issue, there was turmoil and the legislature delegated Suklal Dewan as the Director. Meanwhile Rani Kalindi, dowager of Dharam Baksh Khan connected to the legislature to enable her to run the state undertakings. The administration acknowledged her application, and in 1844 issued a request to that impact. [19] In 1846 the yearly income payable to the Organization was refixed at 11,803.00 Rs.
After the considerable Sepoy Revolt in 1857, the English Government accepted direct control of the organization of India from the East India Organization alongside Chittagong Slope Tracts, which was not yet formally isolated from Chittagong. In any case, the regional locale of the Chakma Raja was settled by a decree dated sixth Shraavana 1170M.S(1763 Promotion) by the Organization as Every one of the slopes from the Feni waterway to the Sangoo and from Nizampur Street in Chittagong to the slopes of Kooki Raja. [20]
After Rani Kalindi's demise in 1873, her grandson Harish Chandra turned into the Chakma Raja and was vested with the title Roy Bahadur .
The English government time frame
After the war with the English, the Chakmas turned out to be exceptionally powerless militarily.
From that point forward the Lushai (Mizo) (who were wrongly named as Kukis ,) who were free clans living further eastbound used to make visit dangerous attacks on the English subjects, on the guaranteed that their chasing ground were changed over to Tea plant by the English in Cacher, Noakhali,
Comilla and other neighboring tracts under Rani Kalindi. They assaulted Chittagong Slope Tracts and the neighboring tracts in 1847, 1848, 1859 and 1860. [21] As an outcome with a view to giving careful consideration to the regions of the front territories encountering rehashed assaults and to shielding the general population from the hostility of the free clans living further east however basically to involve the Chakma arrive, the Lieutenant Legislative leader of
Bengal suggested the expulsion of the slope tracts from the direction locale and the arrangement of Director over the clans. Both these suggestions were embraced by a demonstration XXII 1860 Promotion which became effective from 18 August of that year. [21] In this manner Slope Tracts were isolated from Chittagong area and an administrator was designated for Chittagong Slope Tracts and its base camp was built up at Chandraghona. The slopes in his charge were from now on known by the name of the Slope Tracts of Chittagong. For the following couple of years consideration was coordinated to the safeguarding of tranquility of the outskirts. In 1869 central station was moved to
Rangamati . Prior the official assignment of the post of director was changed to Agent Magistrate and full control of all issues relating to both income and equity all through the Slope Tracts was vested in his office.
With the overarching wilderness circumstance in the English government put weight on the Chakma boss to move his cash-flow to Rangamati and at last in 1874 it was moved to Rangamati from Rajanagar.
otherwise called the Changma, Daingnet individuals , are an
ethnic gathering scattered in
Arunachal Pradesh , Tripura ,
Assam , Mizoram, Meghalaya and
West Bengal of India and in
Chittagong Slope Tracts of
Bangladesh . Today, the geographic conveyance of Chakmas is spread crosswise over Bangladesh and parts of
northeastern India, western
Burma , and diaspora groups in Yunnan Area, the Assembled States , Canada , the Unified Kingdom , France , South Korea ,
Japan and Australia .
Inside the Chittagong Slope Tracts , the Chakmas are the biggest ethnic gathering and make up half of the area's populace. The Chakmas are isolated into 46 families or Gozas. They have their own particular dialect , traditions and culture, and purport Theravada Buddhism. The people group is going by the Chakma Raja .
Historical background
The name Chakma gets from
Sanskrit word Sakthiman or spectator of energy. [6] This name was given to Chakmas by one of the Burmese lords amid the
Bagan time. Burmese lords procured Chakmas as clergymen, guides and interpreters of Buddhist Pali writings. As workers of the lord, the Chakmas used power in Burmese court unbalanced to their number. The Burmese individuals still allude Chakmas as Sak or Thit which are abbreviated and defiled types of Sakthiman . At one phase, the acknowledged name of the clan was Sakma. Later it was additionally tainted to Chakma .[7]
Ethnic birthplaces
Chakmas are Tibeto-Burman , and are along these lines firmly identified with clans in the lower regions of the Himalayas . The Chakmas are accepted to be initially from more prominent Arakan Yoma North directly Jaw state who later on moved to
Bangladesh in around fifteenth century, settling in the Cox's Bazar Locale , the Korpos Mohol territory, and in the Indian conditions of
Arunachal Pradesh , Tripura and
Mizoram.
Hereditary qualities
The Chakma have solid hereditary affinities to Tibeto-Burman bunches in Upper east India and to East Asian populaces. They likewise have high frequencies of territory Indian hereditary family line. [8]
History
The Arakanese alluded to the Chakmas as Saks or Theks or Thaikhs .
In 1546 CE, when the ruler of Arakan, Meng Beng, was occupied with a fight with the Burmese , the
Sak lord showed up from the north and assaulted Northern Arakan Roma, and involved the
Chacomas of Northern Arakan Mountains, the then domain of the kingdom of Arakan. [9]
Diego de Astor , a Portuguese , drew a guide of Bengal , which was distributed as Descripção do Reino de Bengalla in the book Quarta decada da Asia (Fourth decade of Asia) by João de Barros in 1615 CE. [10] The guide demonstrates a place called "Chacomas" on the eastern bank of the Karnaphuli waterway, cutting edge Chittagong in Bangladesh, proposing this is the place the Chakmas used to inhabit that time.
The Arakan lord Meng Rajagri (1593– 1612 CE) vanquished these territories, and in a 1607 CE letter to a
Portuguese trader named Philip de Brito Nicote, tended to himself as the most elevated and most intense lord of Arakan, of Chacomas and of Bengal. [11]
Crushed by the Arakanese, the Chakmas entered the present Chittagong Slope Tracts and made Alekyangdong, exhibit day
Alikadam , their capital. From Alekyangdong they went north and settled in the present-day
Rangunia , Raozan, and Fatikchari upazilas of Chittagong Area .
In 1666 CE, Shaista Khan , who was then Mughal Legislative leader of Bengal, crushed the Arakanese, vanquished Chittagong northern bank of Kaladan waterway, and renamed it Islamabad. [12] Be that as it may, in the good 'ol days the Mughal amazingness was bound just to the plain zones of
Chittagong , and the Chakmas remained for all intents and purposes unaffected.
Following a couple of years, when a question created between the Mughals and the Chakmas, the Mughals requested tribute from the Chakmas for exchanging with Chittagong. [13]
In 1713 CE, peace was set up, and soon a steady relationship created between the Chakmas and the Mughals; the last never requested finish enslavement from the previous.
The Mughals additionally compensated the Chakma ruler Shukdev Roy, who set up another capital in his own particular name, in a territory is as yet known as Shukbilash.
There are still demolishes of the regal castle and different foundations.
Along these lines, the capital was moved to Rajanagar, Ranirhat, Rangunia Upazila, Chittagong Area.
The East India Organization period
Mughals marked a bargain with Jallal Khan, Raja of the Chakma in 1715. The Mughals got yam and cottons from the
Chittagong Slope Tracts ("CHT"), yet its autonomy from the Mughals was perceived The East India organization and Chakma troops fought in 1777 and 1780. The English additionally got installment and perceived the kingdom of the territory as autonomous. [14]
The CHT was ensured and deliminated their own innate safeguard region by the bargains between the Ruler of the Chakma and the English. A war softened out up 1777-1789 between the East India organization and Chakmas. In return for abandoning them as tributaries, and giving them self-governance, the English at that point got a promise from Jan Baksh Khan, ruler of the Chakmas in 1787.[15]
Three years after the Skirmish of Plassey , Mir Qasim the new
Nawab of Murshidabad remunerated the English East India Organization with Chittagong, Burdwan and
Midnapur. On 5 January 1761 the organization agent Harry Verelst assumed control charges of Chittagong from Subedar Mohammad Reza Khan. Be that as it may, the Chakma lord Sher Doulat Khan who was for all intents and purposes free however ostensibly paid tribute to the Mughals, didn't acknowledge the
authority of the Organization and their request of assessments at improved rate. An extended war began and it proceeded up hey to 1787. The East India Organization propelled four offensives against the Chakmas in 1770, 1780, 1782 and 1785. In 1785 the Organization began peace arrangements with the then Chakma ruler Jan Baksh Khan, child of Sher Doulat Khan. Later in 1787 the ruler acknowledged the sway of the Organization and consented to pay 500 maunds of cotton every year. The peace understanding or arrangement was marked at
Kolkata .[16]
The fundamental arrangements of the bargain between the Senator General
Ruler Cornwallis and the Chakma lord were as following
The East India Organization perceived Jan Baksh Khan as the Raja of the Chakmas.
It was concurred that the accumulation of income was the obligation of the Raja .
The English Government would safeguard the inborn self-governance and movement from the fields would be limited.
Jan Baksh Khan was bound by the bargain to keep up peace in his domain.
English troops would stay in the Chakma region not to unnerve the Chakmas but rather to shield the land from the advances of the savage clans. [17]
In 1829, Halhed then Magistrate of Chittagong reaffirmed that:
Jan Baksh Khan moved his Money to another place naming it Rajanagar, close present-day
Rangunia . After Jan Baksh's demise in 1800, his child Tabbar Khan moved toward becoming king;but he kicked the bucket in a matter of seconds. In 1802 Tabbar Khan's more youthful sibling Jabbar Khan progressed toward becoming lord, and controlled for a long time. After his demise, his child Dharam Baksh Khan moved toward becoming ruler in 1812. He administered up to 1832. After his passing in 1832 with no male issue, there was turmoil and the legislature delegated Suklal Dewan as the Director. Meanwhile Rani Kalindi, dowager of Dharam Baksh Khan connected to the legislature to enable her to run the state undertakings. The administration acknowledged her application, and in 1844 issued a request to that impact. [19] In 1846 the yearly income payable to the Organization was refixed at 11,803.00 Rs.
After the considerable Sepoy Revolt in 1857, the English Government accepted direct control of the organization of India from the East India Organization alongside Chittagong Slope Tracts, which was not yet formally isolated from Chittagong. In any case, the regional locale of the Chakma Raja was settled by a decree dated sixth Shraavana 1170M.S(1763 Promotion) by the Organization as Every one of the slopes from the Feni waterway to the Sangoo and from Nizampur Street in Chittagong to the slopes of Kooki Raja. [20]
After Rani Kalindi's demise in 1873, her grandson Harish Chandra turned into the Chakma Raja and was vested with the title Roy Bahadur .
The English government time frame
After the war with the English, the Chakmas turned out to be exceptionally powerless militarily.
From that point forward the Lushai (Mizo) (who were wrongly named as Kukis ,) who were free clans living further eastbound used to make visit dangerous attacks on the English subjects, on the guaranteed that their chasing ground were changed over to Tea plant by the English in Cacher, Noakhali,
Comilla and other neighboring tracts under Rani Kalindi. They assaulted Chittagong Slope Tracts and the neighboring tracts in 1847, 1848, 1859 and 1860. [21] As an outcome with a view to giving careful consideration to the regions of the front territories encountering rehashed assaults and to shielding the general population from the hostility of the free clans living further east however basically to involve the Chakma arrive, the Lieutenant Legislative leader of
Bengal suggested the expulsion of the slope tracts from the direction locale and the arrangement of Director over the clans. Both these suggestions were embraced by a demonstration XXII 1860 Promotion which became effective from 18 August of that year. [21] In this manner Slope Tracts were isolated from Chittagong area and an administrator was designated for Chittagong Slope Tracts and its base camp was built up at Chandraghona. The slopes in his charge were from now on known by the name of the Slope Tracts of Chittagong. For the following couple of years consideration was coordinated to the safeguarding of tranquility of the outskirts. In 1869 central station was moved to
Rangamati . Prior the official assignment of the post of director was changed to Agent Magistrate and full control of all issues relating to both income and equity all through the Slope Tracts was vested in his office.
With the overarching wilderness circumstance in the English government put weight on the Chakma boss to move his cash-flow to Rangamati and at last in 1874 it was moved to Rangamati from Rajanagar.
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